Does the story of Pope Leo III making two silver shields without the filioque mean that he rejected the theology of the filioque? Michael examines this claim in light of Leo’s own words, along with the work of Orthodox and Protestant historians.

Does the story of Pope Leo III making two silver shields without the filioque mean that he rejected the theology of the filioque? Michael examines this claim in light of Leo’s own words, along with the work of Orthodox and Protestant historians.